Tevez has struggled for game time so far this season having expressed his desire to leave the club during the summer.
However, a proposed move to Corinthians collapsed and Tevez has subsequently found himself mainly on the bench at Eastlands with compatriot and City new boy Sergio Aguero starting ahead of him.
Aguero is in the squad, as is another Manchester City star, defender Pablo Zabaleta.
Inter Milan pair Javier Zanetti and Esteban Cambiasso are also left out by coach Alejandro Sabella.
Genoa striker Rodrigo Palacio has been handed a surprise call-up.
Palacio has not represented his country since June 2008, but has been handed a place in what is a 24-man squad.
Argentina begin their qualifying campaign against Chile on October 7 before taking on Venezuela four days later.
Full Argentina squad: Sergio Romero (Sampdoria), Mariano Andujar (Catania); Pablo Zabaleta (Manchester City), Nicolas Burdisso (Roma), Federico Fernandez (Napoli), Martin Demichelis (Malaga), Nicolas Otamendi (Porto), Nicolas Pareja, Marcos Rojo (both Spartak Moscow), Emiliano Insua (Sporting); Ever Banega (Valencia), Fabian Rinaudo (Sporting), Ricardo Alvarez (Inter Milan), Jonas Gutierrez (Newcastle), Jose Sosa (Metalist Kharkiv), Javier Pastore (Paris St Germain); Angel Di Maria (Real Madrid), Nicolas Gaitan (Benfica), Lionel Messi (Barcelona), Gonzalo Higuain (Real Madrid), Sergio Aguero (Manchester City), Rodrigo Palacio (Genoa), Eduardo Salvio (Atletico Madrid), Javier Mascherano (Barcelona).
Source: Team Talk
Source: Team Talk